Everything You Need to Know About Investment Banking: What It Is, How It Works & More

ByVladana Donevski
May 17,2022

When most people think of banking, they probably imagine services like checking and savings accounts, mortgages, and car loans. However, there is another type of banking that is quite different: Investment banking. Bankers from this branch work in the securities industry and assist companies with increasing revenue by issuing and selling securities.

This article will discuss the definition of investment banking, how it works, and present some examples of this financial undertaking in action. Read on!

So, What Is Investment Banking?

Investment banking is the process of helping companies raise money by issuing and selling securities. This can be done through various means, such as initial public offering (IPO), secondary market offerings, and private placement.

This type of bank also helps companies with mergers and acquisitions (M&A), which is when two companies come together to form a single entity or one company absorbs another, respectively. One company can purchase another’s securities through asset sales, stock sales, and cash mergers.

Last but not least, the corporate investment banking division can also help companies with restructuring, which is when a company attempts to improve its financial situation through debt and equity restructuring, or corporate reorganization.

In short, investment banks and their bankers are the places companies, governments, and high-net-worth individuals turn to for guidance with significant transactions. These institutions can provide businesses with much-needed advice on progressing with financial decisions, investments, and fundraising.

Now that you know investment banking's definition, let's discuss how it actually works.

How Does Investment Banking Work?

To help you understand better how investment banking works, let's take companies A and B as an example.

Raising Funds With Investment Banking

Let's start with company A, which is looking to raise money to fund an expansion into a new state. It has many alternative funding options at its disposal, one of which is an investment bank.

That would mean an investment banker would work with Company A to figure out the type of security it should issue, help with the issuance process, and advise on how to market said security. Further, they would help Company A set up the deal, and negotiate with potential institutional investors.

Once the asset is issued, the investment bank would help the company sell it through stock exchanges, over-the-counter markets, and private placement.

Investment banks will also help the company with post-issuance activities, such as compliance and reporting. Sometimes, the help with staying compliant with securities laws and regulations is the main reason businesses hire an investment bank to handle the process.

Acquisitions and Mergers

In another example, Company A might want to purchase Company B; in this case, corporations usually turn to investment banking services for help.

For example, Company A might not be sure how much Company B is worth and whether the acquisition will pay off in the long run. This is not always an easy question to answer, and this is where investment bankers, with their experience and knowledge of the current market situation, are invaluable. The bank can also advise Company A on the ideal time to commence the deal.

Of course, an investment bank, by definition, will earn more money if the trade amount is higher, seeing as how most of them take a percentage from the transactions they facilitate. Other investment banks may also be working on the other side of this deal, helping Company B sell itself.

Proprietary Trading

Investment banks will often trade by themselves. This in-house trading is often a vital part of their business, as they not only need to generate profit, but also maintain stability. Therefore, this proprietary trading is always calculated, aimed at growing capital needed for expansions or development, without putting any current assets at risk.

Now that you know the answer to “What is investment banking?” and how it works, let's look at some examples.

Examples of Investment Banking

The most common processes investment bankers participate in are Initial Public Offerings, secondary market offerings, and private placement investment banking. The investors could be venture capitalists, private equity firms, or even hedge funds.

An IPO is when a company goes public for the first time - i.e., makes its shares available for purchase for the first time. A secondary market offering is when an investor makes their company shares available for purchase. As you can see, both are part of investment banking, but the process is different.

An investment bank will typically serve as a proxy for selling the assets on the market, taking on part of the risk and therefore marking up the stock price for its own commission. After all, the investment bank might lose money if it sells the stock under market value, which might happen, because markets are unpredictable and react unfavorably to indications that the company's fortunes have changed.

What Is The Difference Between Retail Banking and Investment Banking?

Understanding how investment banking differs from retail banking is based chiefly on the type of clients and level of sophistication. 

Investment bankers work with large institutional investors and corporations, while retail bankers work with individual consumers. Investment banking activities include underwriting securities, providing financial analysis, and advising corporate clients. Retail banking activities include providing loans, managing customer accounts, and enabling day-to-day transactions.

Some of the largest banks in the world are investment banks; Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, and Citigroup all fall into this category, and they provide their services for mergers and acquisitions, capital markets, and private equity trading.

In Conclusion

Now you know what the investment banking industry is and how it works. It’s a vital part of the corporate finance world, so it's essential to understand it - especially if you have just started your new business and are looking for funding. Thanks for reading - we hope this article was helpful!

Frequently Asked Questions
What is an investment banker in simple terms?

An investment banker is a professional who helps companies raise money by issuing and selling securities. They also offer other services, such as M&A and IPO advisory, and more.

What are the big 4 investment banks?

The big four investment banks are Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, JPMorgan Chase, and BofA Securities (previously Bank of America Merrill Lynch).

What should I study for investment banking?

To become an investment banker, you will need to have a degree in business or economics. You will also need to have some experience in the financial industry, and a fair understanding of what investment banking is, including accounting and investment management.

It's also important to have strong analytical skills and be able to think critically. Investment bankers need to understand complex financial information and make decisions quickly.



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By Danica Jovic · April 20,2022
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Deductions Deductions are the next group of items to feature. Voluntary deductions pay stub items and involuntary deductions pay stub elements are covered under this section. All deductions should be listed in an itemized fashion, with clear information for the individual pay period and YTD. Income tax deductions will include federal tax, state tax withholdings, and local taxes, as well as Social Security, Medicare, and other relevant features. The majority are involuntary deductions. While employees are forced to pay them, it is the employer’s responsibility to withhold them and subsequently pay them on behalf of the employee. Other deductions can cover employee benefits like health insurance or retirement savings, while charitable contributions fall under the umbrella of voluntary deductions. Wage garnishments for outside issues like child support payments are involuntary. Employer Contributions Employer contributions are items that the company has paid in relation to the worker’s employment and taxes. An employer’s portion of the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) is the most common item to appear in this section. However, other items like matched pension contributions may feature. Insurance premiums can also be added here. While they are not a form of paycheck stubs taxes or deductions that reduce a person’s overall pay, these items must always be listed. It provides transparency for the employee and ensures that the company’s files and accounts all sync up. It’s another reminder of the support you provide your workers, which could otherwise go unappreciated. Net Pay Pay Stubs Finally, the bottom of the employee’s pay check will show the net pay, also known as take-home pay. 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Whether using payroll software or not, the results for your business will be excellent.
By Goran Dautovic · April 15,2022

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